Sources and Attribution

Where the 60 science facts come from, which licence governs them, and where Dino Munch deliberately departs from the book.

▶ Back to the game

Why this page exists

The science content in Dino Munch was written with reference to one open-licence South African textbook. Because that textbook forbids modified redistribution, the game does not include any of it. What it does include is a handful of one-sentence facts, each traced below to the chapter and page it was drawn from — plus an honest list of the places where the game’s wording differs from the book.

Dino Munch is an independent project. It is not an official product of the Department of Basic Education, and is not affiliated with or endorsed by Siyavula or the Sasol Inzalo Foundation. See the terms for the full non-affiliation statement.

1. Full citation

Title	Thunderbolt Kids: Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-B Learner’s Workbook
Publisher	Siyavula
Funding and contributors	Developed and funded by the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, with volunteers
Distributed by	South African Department of Basic Education
Revision	Revised 2014
Licence	Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-ND 3.0)
Source URL	education.gov.za — Thunderbolt Kids, Grade 4B Science, Learner’s Workbook (PDF)

In a plain-text citation: Thunderbolt Kids: Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 4-B Learner’s Workbook. Siyavula / Sasol Inzalo Foundation, distributed by the South African Department of Basic Education, revised 2014. Licensed CC BY-ND 3.0. https://www.education.gov.za/Portals/0/Documents/Manuals/Digital%20Content/Thunderbolt%20Kids%20-%20Grade%204B%20Science%20Learners.pdf

2. How to read the page numbers

Page numbers here are PDF pages, not printed folios

Every “pn” on this page is a page number in the 174-page PDF file downloaded from the URL above, counted from the first page of the file (page 1). These do not match the folio numbers printed on the workbook’s own pages, because the PDF includes a cover, a copyright page and front matter that the printed book does not number the same way.

If you have the printed workbook and a folio does not match, you are looking at the right content — count a few pages forward from the folio for the front matter. A generous margin of two or three pages is normal when matching by hand.

The workbook is also published as Gr4B_NaturalSciences_Teacher_Eng.pdf on intl.siyavula.com. That is the teacher’s guide rather than the learner’s book, and its pagination is different again; the page numbers below refer only to the learner’s workbook PDF cited above.

3. Chapters cited

The workbook covers two terms. Chapter numbering restarts at Term 4, which is why the game’s category list contains two different “Ch 1”, “Ch 2” and so on.

Term 3 — Energy and Change

Chapter	Title	PDF pages
Ch 1	Energy and Energy transfer	15–29
Ch 2	Energy around us	30–46
Ch 3	Movement and energy in a system	47–60
Ch 4	Energy and Sound	61–84

Term 4 — Earth and Beyond

Chapter	Title	PDF pages
Ch 1	Planet Earth	85–109
Ch 2	The Sun	110–119
Ch 3	The Earth and the Sun	120–137
Ch 4	Rocket Systems	138–157
Ch 5	The Moon	158–173

4. Where the game’s six topics come from

Game topic	Term 3 — Energy and Change	Term 4 — Earth and Beyond
🍓 Energy & Life	Ch 1 Energy and Energy transfer; Ch 2 Energy around us	—
🍌 Sound & Music	Ch 3 Movement and energy in a system; Ch 4 Energy and Sound	—
🍉 The Sun & Space	—	Ch 2 The Sun; Ch 3 The Earth and the Sun
🍊 Planet Earth	—	Ch 1 Planet Earth
🍇 Rocket Power	—	Ch 4 Rocket Systems
🍎 The Moon	—	Ch 5 The Moon

5. All 60 facts, mapped to source

The left-hand column is the exact sentence the child sees in the game. The middle column gives the chapter it was drawn from. Chapter assignment is by subject matter; see the footnotes under the tables for the two rows where the page sits outside the obvious chapter.

🍓 Energy & Life

#	Fact as shown in the game	Source chapter	PDF page
1	“Energy is the ability to do work!”	Ch 1, Energy and Energy transfer	15
2	“Almost all the energy on Earth comes from the Sun!”	Ch 1, Energy and Energy transfer	20
3	“The Sun is the closest star — a giant ball of hot gas!”	Ch 1, Energy and Energy transfer	20
4	“We cannot see ultraviolet rays, but they burn our skin!”	Ch 2, Energy around us	31
5	“3 things make a plant grow: light, water and air.”	Ch 1, Energy and Energy transfer	23
6	“A plant stores energy in its roots, leaves and fruit.”	Ch 1, Energy and Energy transfer	23
7	“A food chain can have 4 links, and each one is an organism!”	Ch 1, Energy and Energy transfer	24
8	“Energy can be stored in food, petrol, wood and oil.”	Ch 2, Energy around us	39
9	“A torch has input energy and output energy.”	Ch 2, Energy around us	40
10	“Your body needs vitamin D to build 206 strong bones!”	Ch 2, Energy around us	31

🍌 Sound & Music

#	Fact as shown in the game	Source chapter	PDF page
1	“Movement causes vibrations, and vibrations cause sound!”	Ch 3, Movement and energy in a system	49
2	“A drum makes sound when you beat its tight skin.”	Ch 3, Movement and energy in a system	49
3	“You talk because the vocal cords in your throat vibrate!”	Ch 4, Energy and Sound	64
4	“Sound cannot travel through space — there is no air!”	Ch 4, Energy and Sound	69
5	“Trumpet players buzz their lips to make air vibrate.”	Ch 3, Movement and energy in a system	49
6	“Soft sounds are small, and loud sounds are big vibrations.”	Ch 4, Energy and Sound	71
7	“High sounds come from fast vibrations.”	Ch 4, Energy and Sound	71
8	“Low sounds come from slow vibrations.”	Ch 4, Energy and Sound	71
9	“Changing the water level changes the pitch of a bottle!”	Ch 4, Energy and Sound	73
10	“Noise pollution is loud sound that never stops!”	Ch 4, Energy and Sound	77

🍉 The Sun & Space

#	Fact as shown in the game	Source chapter	PDF page
1	“The Sun is a huge ball of very hot hydrogen gas!”	Ch 2, The Sun	110
2	“The surface of the Sun is hot enough to melt rocks!”	Ch 2, The Sun	110
3	“Never look at the Sun with your bare eyes!”	Ch 2, The Sun	110
4	“The Sun has dark spots called sunspots on its surface.”	Ch 2, The Sun	110
5	“Blue-white stars are hotter than the Sun!”	Ch 2, The Sun	114
6	“Orange-red stars are cooler than the Sun.”	Ch 2, The Sun	114
7	“Gravity keeps the Earth in orbit around the Sun!”	Ch 3, The Earth and the Sun	122
8	“The Earth takes 365 days to travel around the Sun!”	Ch 3, The Earth and the Sun ^a	119
9	“Every 4 years we get a leap year with 29 February!”	Ch 3, The Earth and the Sun	122
10	“The solar system is the Sun plus the planets that orbit it.”	Ch 3, The Earth and the Sun	122

🍊 Planet Earth

#	Fact as shown in the game	Source chapter	PDF page
1	“The Earth is shaped like a ball — it is called a sphere!”	Ch 1, Planet Earth	103
2	“The Earth looks flat because we are so tiny!”	Ch 1, Planet Earth	103
3	“Long ago, many people believed the Earth was flat!”	Ch 1, Planet Earth	103
4	“The study of space is called astronomy!”	Ch 1, Planet Earth	103
5	“A habitat is where animals find food, water and shelter!”	Ch 1, Planet Earth	90
6	“A continent is a huge landmass surrounded by water.”	Ch 1, Planet Earth	98
7	“An island is a small landmass surrounded by water.”	Ch 1, Planet Earth	99
8	“Mountains, hills, rivers and valleys are Earth’s features.”	Ch 1, Planet Earth	88
9	“You cannot see air, but it is a feature of the Earth!”	Ch 1, Planet Earth	90
10	“Moving air is called wind, and clouds move through it!”	Ch 1, Planet Earth	90

🍇 Rocket Power

#	Fact as shown in the game	Source chapter	PDF page
1	“Hot gases push a rocket up as they shoot out of the nozzle!”	Ch 4, Rocket Systems	143
2	“To expand means to grow bigger inside a rocket!”	Ch 4, Rocket Systems	143
3	“The nozzle is the hole at the back of a rocket.”	Ch 4, Rocket Systems	143
4	“Faster gases shooting down make a rocket go faster!”	Ch 4, Rocket Systems	144
5	“A nozzle that is too big lets the gas out too easily!”	Ch 4, Rocket Systems	144
6	“A nozzle that is too small slows the gas down!”	Ch 4, Rocket Systems	144
7	“Trial and error means you test your rocket over 3 times!”	Ch 4, Rocket Systems	144
8	“To investigate means to find out how something works!”	Ch 4, Rocket Systems	139
9	“Designers first study what other people have built!”	Ch 4, Rocket Systems	139
10	“A rocket must move by itself to work!”	Ch 4, Rocket Systems	150

🍎 The Moon

#	Fact as shown in the game	Source chapter	PDF page
1	“The Moon has no air, so its sky is black!”	Ch 5, The Moon	160
2	“You can see stars and the Sun together on the Moon!”	Ch 5, The Moon	160
3	“The Moon is hotter than boiling water in sunlight!”	Ch 5, The Moon	161
4	“A crater is a hole made when something hits a surface.”	Ch 5, The Moon	160
5	“Rocks from space can smash into the Moon and make craters!”	Ch 5, The Moon	160
6	“The Moon is not a light source — it only reflects the Sun!”	Ch 5, The Moon ^b	31
7	“The Moon’s changing shapes are called its phases!”	Ch 5, The Moon	163
8	“A growing Moon is waxing, and a shrinking Moon is waning.”	Ch 5, The Moon	163
9	“The Moon takes almost 1 month to orbit the Earth!”	Ch 5, The Moon	163
10	“The Moon hides the Sun and we see an eclipse!”	Ch 5, The Moon	169

a. PDF page 119 is the last page of Term 4 Ch 2 and sits immediately before Ch 3 begins. Because the fact is about the Earth’s year of travel around the Sun, it is credited to Ch 3, The Earth and the Sun. If your copy has the material in the preceding chapter, the fact is unaffected.
b. This single Moon fact is sourced from Term 3 Ch 2, Energy around us, on PDF page 31, rather than from the Moon chapter. It sits with the other Moon facts in the game because the child meets it there, but the workbook does not discuss reflection in the Moon chapter.

6. Adaptations and corrections

These facts are not verbatim quotations from the workbook. Saying so would be inaccurate, so here is exactly how they differ.

All 60 facts are rewritten. Each one was condensed into shorter, child-friendly language so that it fits on a single line of TV overlay text. The workbook’s own sentence is on the cited page and can be compared against it directly.
“Your body needs vitamin D to build 206 strong bones!” The workbook’s explanation of vitamin D, calcium and bone strength is on PDF page 31, and that is the source of this fact. The specific figure of 206 adult human bones is general science, not taken from the workbook, and was added because the end-of-session quiz needs a number to build a false variant from.
“A food chain can have 4 links, and each one is an organism!” The number is illustrative. The workbook’s worked example on PDF page 24 is Sun → grass → grasshopper → mouse → owl, which has five links. The game uses four so the statement is simpler and so the quiz can vary the number.
“Trial and error means you test your rocket over 3 times!” Trial and error is defined on PDF page 144, but the workbook gives no number of attempts. The figure of three was added for the same quiz reason.
“The Moon takes almost 1 month to orbit the Earth!” PDF pages 163–164 state “almost one month” for a full-Moon-to-full-Moon cycle, but give a different figure for a single orbit, and the printed digits are partly illegible in the available PDF. The vaguer textbook phrasing was therefore kept rather than inventing a number the source cannot support.
“The Moon’s changing shapes are called its phases!” — deliberate correction. On PDF page 164 the workbook explains the phases as Earth’s shadow falling on the Moon. The game does not repeat this, because it is incorrect: the Sun always lights half of the Moon, and the phases are simply the different portions of that lit half that we can see from Earth. This matches modern astronomy and also matches the workbook’s own statement that the Moon always has an unlit portion. A child who is taught the shadow explanation will carry a wrong mental model into later grades, so the game corrects it rather than copying it. This is the one place where Dino Munch knowingly departs from the source.
“Systems and Control” is not covered. The workbook’s cover advertises a Systems and Control strand for both terms, but no such chapter exists in the body of the book; electrical content appears only as examples of energy transfer. Dino Munch follows what the book actually teaches, so it does not cover that strand. If a future edition of the workbook adds the chapters, the game’s mapping should be revisited.

7. Licence note

CC BY-ND 3.0: share it, do not change it

CC BY-ND 3.0 Unported permits redistribution with attribution, but forbids modified versions. On that basis:

Dino Munch does not redistribute the workbook. No page, image, activity, layout or passage of it is included in the game or on these pages. The workbook should be obtained from the Department of Basic Education or Siyavula and used in the way its authors intend.
The facts are short factual statements about the physical world, and the concrete facts they assert — that the Moon has no air, that hot gas escaping a nozzle pushes a rocket upwards, that a food chain is a sequence of organisms — are not themselves copyrightable. Facts belong to no one.
The wording is the operator’s own, written from scratch for this project rather than copied. Where the workbook is followed closely, the wording still differs, and that difference is exactly what the NoDerivs condition would otherwise prohibit in a redistributed work.
Attribution is given here in good faith, at the top of this page, chapter by chapter and fact by fact — more completely than a bare credit line would require — so that a reader can always find the source of any sentence in the game.

If you plan to distribute Dino Munch commercially, bundle it into a wider product, or place it in a school, have a qualified lawyer review these rights before launch. This page records good-faith attribution; it is not a legal opinion, and it is not a substitute for one.

Licence text: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/. The workbook PDF is published by the South African Department of Basic Education under that licence and may be redistributed unchanged with attribution.

8. The game’s own licence

The Dino Munch source code — the game, its procedural graphics, its synthesised audio and these pages — is released under the MIT Licence. You may use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense and sell it, provided the copyright notice and permission notice are retained. Full terms: opensource.org/licenses/MIT.

The code is not part of the workbook and is not covered by CC BY-ND 3.0.

9. Other acknowledgements

CAPS — the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement framework for Natural Sciences and Technology, Republic of South Africa, which sets the Grade 4-B content the game is aligned to.
Teachers and reviewers — the workbook’s contributors, whose explanations of these topics are the foundation of every fact in the game.
The children — who are the reason the facts are kept short enough to read while catching fruit.

Spotted an error in the mapping above, or a fact you cannot find in the book? Please tell us: hello@tomorrowly.co.za. Corrections are welcome and will be reflected in the Last updated date below.

Terms of use — including the statement that Dino Munch is not an official Department of Basic Education product.
Privacy policy — what is stored and what optional analytics sends.
Contact — questions, corrections and permission requests.